Assessment of the Potential Environmental Impact Associated with Wastewater Generated by Beauty Salons in Pagadian City

Abstract

Beauty salons generate wastewater containing residues of hair treatment chemicals, hair dyes, shampoos, conditioners, and other cosmetic products that may pose potential environmental impact when improperly managed. This study assessed the potential environmental impact associated with wastewater generated by beauty salons in Pagadian City using a mixed-methods research approach. Data were collected from ten randomly selected beauty salons through surveys and interviews to evaluate water consumption, wastewater generation, salon services, beauty products used, wastewater treatment and disposal practices. The findings showed that routine salon activities produce wastewater containing residues from a wide range of cosmetic products, particularly those used for hair washing, hair coloring, bleaching, rebonding, nail care, and facial treatments. Many of these products contain surfactants, oxidizing and reducing agents, solvents, plasticizers, and other chemical ingredients that previous studies have identified as having varying levels of environmental persistence and potential ecological risks when released into the environment. Wastewater treatment and disposal practices varied among the establishments, with several salons discharging untreated wastewater directly into drainage system. The presence of pollutants, synthetic organic chemicals, and other contaminants in salon wastewater was associated with potential impact to surface water, soil quality, and public health due to continuous discharge without adequate treatment. Improved wastewater management practices, appropriate wastewater treatment technologies, and strengthened regulatory measures are necessary to minimize the release of contaminants into the environment. Clearer product labeling and disposal instructions would further support safer environmental practices. By adopting more effective treatment technologies and stricter enforcement of wastewater regulations, the beauty salon industry can significantly reduce its environmental footprint. The study provides baseline information that can support environmental policymakers, regulatory agencies, and beauty salon operators in developing evidence-based wastewater management strategies and promoting environmentally sustainable practices within the beauty salon industry.